среда, 15 января 2020 г.

Fil Yu. S. The Hindu Westernized Elites of Northern India (1858–1921)



SUMMARY

The book is devoted to the Hindu elites in North India during the period of 1858–1921 from the time of Government of India Act 1858 till Indian National Congress session in Ahmedabad when satyagraha tactic turned from private initiative of Gandhi to officially accepted national politics. From that time a new period of westernization which has many anti-Western displays was started.

The monograph reveals the main particularities of forming westernized elites among Hindus in the region and their ideology. Using such methodological instruments as “traditionalist – modernist” gradation of the response on Western culture proposed by Indian historian B. Parekh, the instrument of division westernization on 4 phases (imitative, assimilative, asseverative, creative), the civilization approach by Arnold J. Toynbee and by S. Hantington (three options for a developing nation: rejectionism, reformism, kemalism), author analyse the political, economical, ideological background of the Hindus elites and their responses to Western challenges.

The analysis of the formation of westernized Hindu elites includes institutional and personal levels. The first one is dealing with modern political and socio-religious institutions in colonial North India, the second one demonstrates the attitude of the leading politicians of Punjab and North-Western Provinces towards the different questions concerning India’s encounter with Western culture.

The research argues that the range of economical, political and demographical factors defined the particularities of the process of formation and westernization of Hindu elites in North India. Among them are the dominant status of Hindu culture in North-Western provinces and it’s minor status in Punjab; the loosing of Hindu political power in 13th century in Punjab, the fact of strong Mughal culture in North India and discriminative policy toward Hindus of Shia Mughal rulers in the Oudh state. Western education as the main precondition of forming the new for that time political elites had some particularities. The Oriental line of education (Persian, Urdu, Sanskrit languages and literature) in Allahabad and Punjab Universities were much more popular than in presidential universities. Students had much more interest to Western science then literature.

Political development of Punjab and North-Western Provinces gradually tended to the separate political representation of Hindus in the local government. The first Hindu political party – Hindu Mahasabha – emerged here.

The Western religious challenge received particular response from politicians in North India: Christianity was rejected and the Bengali “creative” model of response in the form of Brahmo samaj was inappropriate in the region. Instead the organization of defence type – Arya samaj and Radhasoami faith – was influential.

The analysis of biographies and memoirs of five of the most influential politicians of Northern India – Motilal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malavia, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Bishan Narain Dar and Lala Lajpat Rai shows that all of them were deeply rooted in traditional culture through their traditional families, primary education and teachers. Being westernized, they were not suspended between two cultures and always found the strategies to lead to agreement inconsistent elements of Western and Hindu culture. They were also the integral part of their own society mostly through political activism.

There are two nationalist ideologies among politicians in North India – Hindu and Indian. Both of them represent political nationalism according to which secular state was the main base for Indian nation. The westernization in the religious sphere on personal level showed that the majority of the five representatives of educated Indians were critical modernists in socio-religious issues – the caste system should not be rejected fully but should be reformed.

During all the period from 1858 till 1921 the assimilative phase of westernization dominated in the region. The government was treated as the main instrument of change in this phase. Imitative phase was absent in the region.